Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms In semantics, aâ meronym is a word that indicates a constituent part or an individual from something. For instance, apple is a meronym of apple tree (now and then composed as appleapple tree). This part-to-entire relationship is called meronymy. Descriptive word: meronymous. Meronymy isn't only a solitary connection however a heap of various part-to-entire connections. Something contrary to a meronym is a holonym-the name of the entire of which the meronym is a section. Appletree is a holonym of (apple treeapple). The entire to-part relationship is called holonymy. Descriptive word: holonymous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, part name Models and Observations [I]n one setting finger is a suitable meronym of hand, and in different cases substance is a proper meronym of hand. Finger and tissue, notwithstanding, are not co-meronyms of hand, since various social standards (utilitarian part versus material) are applied in each case.(M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms. Cambridge University Press, 2003)​ Kinds of Meronym Relationships At one level meronyms can be isolated into two types:â necessary and discretionary (Lyons 1977), in any case called sanctioned and facilitative (Cruse, 1986). A case of an essential meronymy is eyeface. Having an eye is a vital state of an all around framed face, and regardless of whether it is evacuated, an eye is as yet a face part. Discretionary meronymy incorporates models like cushionchair-there are seats without pads and pads that exist autonomously of seats. (Brief Encyclopedia of Semantics, ed. by Keith Allan. Elsevier, 2009)Meronymy is a term used to portray a section entire connection between lexical things. In this manner spread and page are meronyms of book. . . .Meronyms change . . . in how vital the part is to the entirety. Some are fundamental for ordinary models, for instance, nose as a meronym of face; others are common however not mandatory, similar to neckline as a meronym of shirt; still, others are discretionary like basement for house.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)In numerous ways, meronymy is fundamentally more muddled than hyponymy. The Wordnet databases determine three kinds of meronym relationships:(Jon Orwant, Games, Diversions, and Perl Culture. OReilly Associates, 2003) Part meronym: a tire is a piece of a carMember meronym: a vehicle is an individual from a traffic jamSubstance (stuff) meronym: a wheel is produced using rubber​ Synecdoche and Meronym/Holonymy The two commonlyâ acknowledged variations of synecdoche, part for the entire (and the other way around) and family for species (and the other way around), discover their correspondence in the semantic ideas of meronymy/holonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy. A meronym means a word or other component that along with different components comprises an entirety. Subsequently, bark, leaf, and branch are meronyms of the holonym tree. A hyponym, then again, means a word that has a place with a subset whose components are on the whole summed up by a hypernym. Hence, tree, blossom, hedge are hyponyms of the hypernym plant. A first perception to be made hereâ is that these two ideas depict connections on various levels: meronymy/holonymy portrays a relationship betweenâ elements of material objects. It is the referential article leafâ which in extralingual realityâ forms a piece of the entire tree. Hyponymy/hypernymy, by contrast,â refers to a connection between ideas. Blossoms and trees ar e together named plants. in any case, in extralingual reality, there is no plant that comprises of blossoms and trees. In different words, the main relationship is extralingual, the subsequent relationship is theoretical. (Sebastian Matzner, Rethinking Metonymy: Literary Theory and Poetic Practice From Pindar to Jakobson. Oxford University Press,â 2016)